These 18 Popular Dog Breeds Face a Great Risk of Genetic Disorders

Some of the most beloved dog breeds come with a hidden cost: a high risk of inherited health problems.

Behind those wagging tails and heart-melting eyes, many popular pups carry genetic baggage that can lead to lifelong challenges—for them and their owners.

Whether it’s breathing trouble, joint pain, or serious heart conditions, these issues often stem from the way breeds have been shaped over generations. Popularity doesn’t always equal health.

Knowing which breeds are more prone to certain disorders can help future dog owners make more informed, compassionate decisions. It’s not about blame—it’s about awareness.

Here are 18 adored dog breeds that face a higher-than-average risk of genetic disorders, and what every potential pet parent should understand before bringing one home.

1. German Shepherd

Powerful and intelligent, this breed is a staple in police and military roles—but those impressive genetics come with a downside. German Shepherds are prone to hip and elbow dysplasia, which can severely affect their mobility and comfort as they age.

They’re also at risk for degenerative myelopathy, a progressive spinal condition that often leads to paralysis. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is another serious issue, affecting the dog’s ability to absorb nutrients and maintain weight. These health concerns can lead to expensive treatments and emotional challenges for owners.

While their loyalty and work ethic are unmatched, potential adopters should understand the breed’s medical vulnerabilities before falling for that iconic stance and sharp gaze.

2. Labrador Retriever

America’s sweetheart in the dog world isn’t immune to inherited issues. Labs are prone to hip dysplasia, just like many large breeds, and it can drastically affect their quality of life. But joint pain isn’t the only thing to watch for.

Progressive retinal atrophy is a silent vision thief that slowly robs them of their sight, often going unnoticed until it’s too late. Some Labs also carry genes for exercise-induced collapse, a condition triggered by excitement or strenuous activity.

Even though they’re famously friendly and adaptable, future owners need to consider these health risks. Careful screening and responsible breeding help, but nothing replaces awareness when choosing a Lab.

3. Golden Retriever

Golden Retrievers are known for their sunny disposition and endless affection, but they carry a dark genetic shadow: cancer. In fact, they have one of the highest rates of cancer in the dog world—particularly hemangiosarcoma and lymphoma.

These conditions often develop silently and can be fatal before symptoms even appear. Goldens are also susceptible to hip dysplasia and heart problems, making routine checkups essential for long-term care.

Their beauty and loyalty can make it easy to overlook these risks, but prospective owners should be informed from day one. With careful monitoring and vet support, these loving companions can still lead full, joyful lives.

4. French Bulldog

Those adorable snorts and stubby noses might seem endearing, but they often signal serious breathing problems. French Bulldogs are classic examples of brachycephalic breeds, meaning their short skulls can cause BOAS (Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome).

This makes exercise and even basic heat regulation difficult. Spinal deformities like hemivertebrae are also common, due to their compact body structure. Skin fold infections can plague their wrinkled faces, adding another layer of care.

Despite their popularity, Frenchies aren’t low-maintenance pets. Owners often face costly surgeries and a lifetime of specialized care. Anyone considering this breed should weigh their health challenges just as heavily as their irresistible charm.

5. English Bulldog

Few breeds are as instantly recognizable as the English Bulldog, but that iconic appearance has come at a steep genetic price. Their flat faces make breathing a constant struggle, especially in warm weather or during physical activity.

Hip dysplasia is almost guaranteed, and their wrinkled skin is a breeding ground for infections. Cherry eye, a common condition in Bulldogs, often requires surgical correction. Many also suffer from overheating due to their compromised respiratory systems.

While they can be affectionate, gentle companions, caring for an English Bulldog often requires extensive veterinary support. Choosing this breed means preparing for a lifetime of proactive, sometimes intensive, health management.

6. Dachshund

Their long backs and short legs may give them a unique silhouette, but this very trait makes them highly prone to spinal issues. Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is especially common, and even simple activities like jumping off a couch can lead to severe injury or paralysis.

Dachshunds also tend to gain weight easily, which puts additional strain on their delicate spine. Preventative measures like ramps, restricted stair use, and maintaining a healthy weight are vital for this breed.

Despite their spunky personalities and loyal hearts, they require a careful environment to stay injury-free. Owners must be extra vigilant if they want to keep their pup pain-free and mobile for the long haul.

7. Boxer

Playful and full of energy, Boxers have a reputation for being great with kids—but their hearts may not be as strong as their spirit. This breed is prone to dilated cardiomyopathy and aortic stenosis, both potentially fatal heart conditions that often go undetected early on.

They also face a high risk of cancer, particularly mast cell tumors and lymphoma, which can strike even in middle age. Seizures and hip dysplasia round out their unfortunate list of common ailments.

Routine vet visits and heart screenings are non-negotiable if you own a Boxer. Their loving nature makes them irresistible, but that loyalty often comes with emotional and financial burdens for devoted owners.

8. Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

Royal in name and appearance, these small dogs carry a heavy load of genetic concerns. One of the most heartbreaking is syringomyelia—a neurological condition where fluid-filled cavities form in the spinal cord, often causing excruciating pain.

They’re also widely affected by mitral valve disease, which gradually weakens the heart and is nearly universal in the breed by age 10. Add frequent eye and ear issues to the mix, and you’ve got a dog that demands high-level care.

Cavaliers are gentle, affectionate lap dogs, but potential owners should be prepared for the emotional toll of watching a beloved companion struggle with such chronic conditions.

9. Pug

Wrinkled, wobbly, and full of personality, Pugs are comic relief in dog form. Yet behind those bulging eyes and squashed faces lies a minefield of health concerns. BOAS, like in other brachycephalic breeds, can make it hard for them to breathe—even while resting.

Their eyes are especially vulnerable to scratches and ulcers due to their shallow sockets. On top of that, joint problems like luxating patella and hip dysplasia can make mobility an issue.

Pugs often need their owners to adapt to their limitations, from restricted exercise to temperature control. Their quirky charm is undeniable, but it comes wrapped in a bundle of lifelong medical responsibilities.

10. Beagle

Curious and lively, Beagles bring endless energy to any household—but their genes aren’t as carefree. One major concern is epilepsy, which typically begins in early adulthood and can lead to lifelong medication.

Beagles are also susceptible to hypothyroidism, often resulting in lethargy, weight gain, and skin issues. Their long backs put them at risk for disc problems, and their floppy ears are prone to chronic infections.

Though generally sturdy, these issues can sneak up on even well-cared-for dogs. With routine vet care and early intervention, Beagles can still thrive—but it’s essential to look beyond their playful exterior when making a decision.

11. Doberman Pinscher

Elegance and loyalty define the Doberman, but beneath their polished exterior lurk serious genetic concerns. One of the most dangerous is dilated cardiomyopathy—a condition that weakens the heart muscle and can lead to sudden death, sometimes with no prior warning.

They’re also prone to von Willebrand’s disease, a blood clotting disorder similar to hemophilia, making even minor injuries potentially dangerous. Cervical vertebral instability (or “wobbler syndrome”) is another debilitating issue that affects their spine and coordination.

While Dobermans are fiercely devoted companions, they often require costly and ongoing medical care. Responsible breeding and regular screening help, but owners must be aware of the high-stakes health risks before committing.

12. Great Dane

This gentle giant has an enormous heart—literally and figuratively—but unfortunately, it’s also one of the breed’s most vulnerable organs. Dilated cardiomyopathy is common in Great Danes and can cause fatigue, collapse, or sudden cardiac arrest.

They’re also at extremely high risk for gastric dilatation-volvulus, also known as bloat, a life-threatening condition that requires immediate emergency surgery. Due to their size, hip dysplasia and joint issues are frequent, especially as they age.

Though calm and affectionate, Danes often have a short lifespan. Their impressive presence comes with a list of health needs that potential owners should be fully prepared to manage, both financially and emotionally.

13. Cocker Spaniel

Sweet-natured and always eager to please, Cocker Spaniels are prone to a surprising range of hereditary problems. Their big, expressive eyes are frequently affected by cataracts and glaucoma, while their floppy ears invite constant infections.

They also face a high likelihood of autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune hemolytic anemia, which can be life-threatening and difficult to treat. Some lines are genetically predisposed to hip dysplasia and skin allergies, complicating even basic care routines.

While their silky coats and loving nature make them hard to resist, prospective owners must prepare for ongoing medical maintenance. With early detection and consistent vet care, many Cockers still lead happy, fulfilling lives.

14. Rottweiler

Strength and confidence are hallmarks of this powerful breed, but Rottweilers are far from invincible. Hip and elbow dysplasia are particularly common, often surfacing early and leading to mobility issues that require surgery or lifelong pain management.

Cancer—especially bone cancer (osteosarcoma)—is a serious concern and a leading cause of early death in the breed. Heart conditions and joint degeneration further complicate their health profile. These dogs also have a slower metabolism, making weight management a lifelong battle.

Though Rottweilers can be loyal and affectionate with the right training, they demand responsible ownership and a commitment to preventative care. Skipping health screenings is never an option with this breed.

15. Boston Terrier

Don’t let their tuxedo-like markings fool you—Boston Terriers are health-intensive pets in a compact package. Their flat faces make breathing a constant effort, especially during heat or excitement, as BOAS is nearly universal in the breed.

Their protruding eyes are easily injured, with conditions like corneal ulcers and cataracts showing up frequently. Patellar luxation, where the kneecap slips out of place, is another common issue that may require surgical correction.

Boston Terriers thrive on companionship, but their medical needs can quickly add up. Owners must be prepared for the cost and complexity of managing a breed that, while lovable, wasn’t designed for robust health.

16. Shih Tzu

Known for their luxurious coats and affectionate personalities, Shih Tzus also carry a host of inherited health problems. Their shortened skull structure puts them in the brachycephalic category, meaning breathing issues and overheating are a constant concern—especially in warmer climates.

They’re prone to eye problems like corneal ulcers and dry eye, both of which require lifelong care. Renal dysplasia is another serious issue, often showing up in young dogs and leading to early kidney failure.

Grooming needs aside, Shih Tzus often demand significant medical attention from the start. Their adorable appearance hides some very real health challenges that owners must be ready to manage with diligence and compassion.

17. Chihuahua

Tiny but mighty, Chihuahuas often act like they’re ten times their size—but their bodies tell a different story. Collapsing trachea is a common issue, making breathing noisy and difficult, especially during excitement or exertion.

They’re also prone to heart disease, particularly mitral valve problems that require lifelong monitoring. Hydrocephalus, or fluid on the brain, can affect some individuals, causing neurological issues and shortened lifespans. Dental disease is nearly guaranteed without careful upkeep.

Though fiercely loyal and full of sass, Chihuahuas need more than just a cozy lap—they need attentive, informed care. Their small size doesn’t mean small responsibilities when it comes to maintaining their health.

18. Australian Shepherd

Energetic, intelligent, and hardworking, this herding breed is a favorite among active families—but their genes can be a mixed bag. Epilepsy is a widespread concern and often begins early in life, requiring daily medication to control seizures.

They’re also susceptible to hip dysplasia and autoimmune diseases. Perhaps most notable is the risk of inherited eye disorders, including collie eye anomaly (CEA) and cataracts, which can lead to partial or total blindness.

Merle-to-merle breeding can produce puppies with severe sensory defects, including deafness and vision loss. Australian Shepherds may shine in agility and obedience, but their health history deserves just as much attention before adoption.